For example, research broadly supports the observation that training eye-contact will not automatically generalize to posture or vocal tone (Heimberg & Becker, 1981).
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These behaviors require targeted training because they are independent from one another. Behavioral approaches propose that the deficit can be addressed with specific behavioral training (Heimberg & Becker, 1981) and that behaviors including eye-contact, posture, tone of voice, or specific verbal responses can be trained.
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Such negative consequences might include punishment, thwarted goals or rejection (Salter, 2002 Wolpe, 1990). Psychological theory has typically sought to account for a lack of assertiveness, or to explain why individuals are not able to be assertive.īehavioral theories propose that unassertive responses are learned during development and carried into adulthood: shaped by negative consequences for following assertive behavior. Adopting an assertive communication style can help to reduce aggression in social situations, and has been shown to improve self- esteem, internal locus of control and to decrease hostility (Speed, Goldstein & Goldfried, 2018). The individual may report frustration at not being able to get their needs met, a buildup of resentment against other people and explosive outbursts or arguments. Social anxiety can also be associated with anger, aggression and hostility. They may also struggle to begin and maintain fulfilling relation- ships, or report a pattern of problematic or damaging interactions with other people. An individual may express that they cannot interact in a satisfactory way with others, and that they avoid social situations. Being unable to act in one’s own self-interest has an impact on social situations and relationships (Peneva & Mavrodiev, 2013), and low levels of assertiveness are associated with low relationship satisfaction and low self-esteem (Speed, Goldstein & Goldfried, 2018). An unintended consequence of such behavior can be the suppression or minimization of their own needs. People who experience anxiety may be submissive during social interactions, perhaps fearing the consequences of expressing their needs or pursuing personal goals. Individuals experiencing emotional difficulties often struggle to act assertively, and low levels of assertive behavior may reinforce such problems. Examples of assertive behavior include saying “no”, refusing unreasonable requests, asking another person to behave differently, communicating clearly how an event or situation has made you feel (positive and negative), expressing an opinion, or pursuing one’s personal goals. Acting assertively is an interpersonal skill that helps people to maintain healthy relationships, resolve interpersonal conflict, and prevent one’s needs from being stifled or repressed.Īssertiveness is best understood as a set of behaviors.
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Assertiveness is a manner of communicating and a relational style used by individuals to express their needs confidently, openly, and in a positive manner.